Educational Philosophies Influence Curriculum From The...

Abstract Educational philosophies influence curriculum from the establishment of the American school systems. The five major philosophies that have influence American education are: 1) Idealism, 2) Essentialism, 3) Perennialism, 4) Progressivism, and 5) Experimentalism. Idealism, Essentialism, and Perennialism are all teacher-based philosophies putting the teacher at the core of the educational experience, with students being passive members of the classroom. In contrast, Progressivism and Experimentalism are student-centered philosophies that focus on the child and their contribution and participation in the formation of classroom experiences, using teachers as guides to help students in their educational development. Although the philosophies differ, many of them define curriculum as a encompassing unit of goals, methods, materials and assessment. Introduction Since the establishment of America’s first schools, the American people have disagreed not only about what the purpose of school is, but also about what schools should teach. Initially schools were supposed to â€Å"prepare men to vote intelligently and prepare women to train their sons properly. Moral training based on the Protestant Bible would produce virtuous, well-behaved citizens [who knew not only] the three R’s but [also] the general principles of law, commerce, money, and government† (Kaestle, 1983, p. 5). During the 1780’s educational theorists began calling for reform and in 1785 Massachusetts lawShow MoreRelatedEssay on Foundations of Education1649 Words   |  7 Pageshistory of the American Educational System, few have had as much ideological and practical influence as Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, Horace Mann, John Dewy, and Johann Pestolazzi. Each altered the course of American education to a degree that the developments made d uring and after the lifetimes of each of these figures are practically manifested in today’s educational environment. In some cases, as with Franklin, much of his contribution was practical, with the establishment of public librariesRead MoreEducation And Its Influence On American Education1254 Words   |  6 Pagesits European ancestors. The influences range from Greece, Egypt, Italy, Spain, and many others. American education has evolved and manifested throughout the thousands of years of its existence. We can directly trace the roots back to our European ancestors, with the education that exists today in America. Higher education’s journey began in Greece in 387 BC by Plato. The only thing offered at this first educational establishment was an advanced study in philosophy. From this basis, more higher educationRead More Teaching Philosophy Statement Essay1198 Words   |  5 Pages Teaching Philosophy Statement Dewey defined education as the reconstruction and reorganization of experiences, which increases one’s ability to direct the course of subsequent experiences and these experiences can be both active and passive. However, according to Lindemand, the education experience is, first of all doing something; second, doing something which makes a difference; and third, knowing what difference it makes. While on the other hand Maxine Green said, â€Å"to do educationalRead MoreThe Role Of A Teaching Philosophy Statement1408 Words   |  6 PagesThe Role of a Teaching Philosophy Statement (TPS) Personal development is one aspect of gaining new information to enhance skills, abilities and overall knowledge. The development of a TPS, is a personal analysis of general concepts of teaching, learning, observations and experiences, transferred into the learning environment (Caukin, 2017). Consequently, the statement is intimate, insightful, with an inclusion of personal views of the aspects of teaching, foundation of learning, in addition toRead MoreNursing Timeline792 Words   |  4 Pagesthriving discipline beginning from the era of Florence Nightingale in the mid 1800’s to what the profession of nursing has become in the present. Timeline 1860 - Florence Nightingale, who was the founder of the nursing profession, publishes â€Å"Notes on Nursing: â€Å"What it is and what it is not.† 1861 - Sally Louisa Thompkins opened a confederate soldier’s hospital in which she was the first female officer in the United States Army. 1873 – Linda Richards graduates from the New England Hospital forRead MoreWhy I Choose Elementary Education1563 Words   |  7 PagesThe leadership style, philosophy, and dispositions are directly related to the needs of student’s in our school. It has been said by most educators that have entered the profession that the reason as to why they made this their career path is due to the rewards of the profession. This too is one reason why I choose Elementary Education to be my concentration of study during the pursuit of my college career experience. Teaching has many rewards to both the students and the teachers. Going fourthRead MoreEssay about Values Of Russian Education2485 Words   |  10 Pageseducation from a prospective which focuses on the culturology of education (Krylova 1994, 1995, 1996), a new trend in theories of education that is being constructed upon the established turf of philosophy of education. The culturology of education includes inquiry conc erning both cultural values and pedagogical methodologies. It attempts to explain the whole complex of cultural, sociocultural, and multicultural problems in education with reference to principles drawn from both educational theory,Read MoreThe Features Of Early Childhood Education1920 Words   |  8 Pagesframe and state clearly the role of practitioner in planning and putting on a broad and balanced, child-centred curriculum within the indoor, outdoor environment and outside the early childhood context. Early childhood care and education for young children began to develop in England in the late 18th century and was formed on the voluntary and benevolent basis. In 1816, the first nursery school in the United Kingdom was established at New Lanark in Scotland by Robert Owen (1771-1858) for the childrenRead MoreEducation : The United States1654 Words   |  7 Pageschild in the United States, it is difficult for us modern Americans to imagine a world where public schools have not existed. Although, 150 years ago in many places throughout the country, not even elementary education was provided publicly; in fact, even by the turn of the 20th century, some young individuals still did not have entry to free public high schools. To our effort every American can get a free education and obtain a high school diploma, thanks to the efforts of our civic-minded predecessorsRead MoreThe Bank Street Curriculum Teaching Method2882 Words   |  12 PagesCurriculum Research Project: Bank Street Sarah L. Cain St. Petersburg College Abstract The Bank Street curricular method is a teaching method commonly used in the United Stated education system. It is based on constructivist ideas and mirrors many other teaching methods, with some differences. This paper attempts to provide and in-depth review of the Bank Street curriculum teaching method. The goal is to provide information to pre service teacher in preparation to educate young children. Curriculum

Sleep Well Motel - 1508 Words

Case Study #1 The Sleep Well Motel In April 1990, Will Shelton was evaluating information received from the owner of a motel that was for sale in Fort Morgan, Colorado. Will had answered an ad in the Wall Street Journal under the heading â€Å"Business for Sale.† To Will’s surprise, he received a call directly from Hank Bennington, the owner of the Sleep Well Motel of Fort Morgan, Colorado. During the conversation, Mr. Bennington described his motel and his reason for wanting to sell. He also described the many advantages of living in Colorado and promised to send Will more information on his company. The next day an overnight package of information arrived at Will’s home. Background on Will Shelton At 44 years of age, Will felt that he had†¦show more content†¦In addition, Mr. Bennington said he wanted to be perfectly candid. He said that after the car accident he failed to keep as close a watch on the business as he should have. Mr. Bennington admitted that he felt ill at ease in the field of marketing and felt the company would need strong direction in that area. He went on to say that Will should be a â€Å"natural† to manage this type of business. After skimming the material, Will became increasingly enthused about the possibility of owning and managing this motel. He knew there were many additional questions he would need to ask in his next phone conversation. At the moment, the most exciting part was the possibility of living in Colorado and being his own boss. Will knew he would have to develop a list of penetrating questions to ask Mr. Bennington and also knew he needed to study the financial sheets in detail. That could come later. For the moment, Will was picturing himself on the slopes of Colorado’s beautiful mountains gracefully skimming down the snow. Questions: 1. Discuss the pros and cons of Will Shelton owning and operating the Sleep Well Motel. 2. Do you believe that Will’s marketing/marketing research background will be of great assistance to him in running this motel? Why or why not? 3. Why do you suppose Mr. Bennington said that Will’s marketing background would be a realShow MoreRelatedSleep Well Motel1261 Words   |  6 PagesTitle: The Sleep Well Motel Executive Summary The Sleep Well Motel is an 80 room motel located at Fort Morgan Colorado. It is situated at US Highway 76 which carried traffic between Denver and Nebraska. The motel is operating for eighteen years and describe as clean and comfortable but in need of cosmetics and new carpeting. Sleep Well Motel was once affiliated with motel chain several years ago but was no longer associated with them. Sleep Well Motel operates with a one night clerk, maidRead MoreGood Night Motel Case Essay1293 Words   |  6 PagesAssignment #1 (The Good Night Motel) When making his decision, McGregor should consider seriously the negative consequences that his business will experience if he refuses Alward’s offer to fill the motel for the two weekend nights in October, at half the room rate. If McGregor refuses, during that weekend his motel will be at his usual capacity of less than quarter full. With the church group there, paying half the rate, it will be as if the motel were half-full! In addition, if he refuses, McGregor’sRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Big Sleep 1074 Words   |  5 PagesNo other film was as controlled in its production as The Big Sleep. Every aspect of the film is so precise, that the filmmakers left nothing to chance. Every set was built inside, with the exception of a few exterior shots. The Big Sleep is a very visually interesting film that uses quick and precise cutting, harsh lighting, and wonderfully framed shots. The editing in The Big Sleep is extremely quick and precise, yet it is perfectly seamless. The cuts do not call any attention to themselvesRead MoreMovie Evaluation on Psycho 19601399 Words   |  6 PagesPsycho A good movie starts with the setting; in a horror movie the setting is key. In Psycho the setting is a small motel right off the highway. Behind the motel is a big, old, eerie house that Norman Bates and his mother live in. One of the main characters, Marion Crane is a young woman who is working for her boss, who sells houses. When Marion goes into work she does not feel well, and asks her boss if she can go home early. He says yes but asks her to do one thing before she leaves. Her boss makesRead MoreMy Strong Belief Of Taking Responsibility For Me And My Family977 Words   |  4 Pagesresponsibility to take care of them, as well. At this time, I find my job to be the most difficult part of my life. I first started working when I was about sixteen and half years old and so far, I have only worked at two different places. I used to work in Chester, VA, at a Super 8 Motel as a front desk clerk, where I gained experience working all three shifts. I didn’t have as many responsibilities then, as I have now. Currently, I work at the Red Roof Inn Motel as a night auditor, where I have beenRead MoreVisit Charlotte, North Carolina s Queen City754 Words   |  4 PagesSouthern city, and find the ideal hotel for your trip. Luxury Hotels in Charlotte With its strong financial industry, numerous cultural pursuits, and vibrant nightlife, Charlotte has a strong luxury hotel market. Choose from sleek contemporary lodging or well-appointed classic properties in the city’s Uptown core. With spacious suites, complimentary Wi-Fi connections, and in-room coffee makers, the Courtyard by Marriott Charlotte City Center has everything you need for a great stay in the center of theRead MoreMartin Luther Kings I Have a Dream Speech: The Dream Has Been Achieved1587 Words   |  7 Pagesfreedom and equality are in place to change the way society looks at freedom and equality. My position on this question is that society has conformed to freedom and equality within the nation, and even though it may have taken time, people are now well aware it should be offered to everyone today. Before Martin Luther King announced his speech to the country, Americans had already created multiple legal documents that were supposed to end discrimination and promote equality indirectly, in theRead MoreThe Man Who Showed Me The True Meaning Of Life1416 Words   |  6 Pagesnot put them off till night to avoid the heat, he would have been with me when my mom left for work at night. But he was full of excuses. He deliberately put the jobs off so that he could maintain his affair with Lori while my mother caught up on sleep during the day. Before I knew it Lori was living on our couch, eating our food and later crawling into my parents bed after my mom left to work. At six years old, I didn’t understand that my father was cheating on my mother or that the white powderRead MoreAnalysis Of Fiddler On The Roof1084 Words   |  5 PagesPhillips, Brown, and Stonestreet (2008) wrote, â€Å"The proliferation and existence of various kinds of entertainment both express and shape the values of a people† (p. 264). Values are taught by people (parents, teachers, pastors, public leaders), as well as by movies, television, and books. When I originally watched this movie many years ago with my mother, I romanticized the characters and didn’t see what was going on in that time of history. It was all about the music and dance for me. Fiddler  onRead MoreShort Essay Chapter 1945 Words   |  4 PagesBOOK 1 Leaving the motel, on Highway 74, around 3:00, Marlene wanted to get home before Jerry and Andrew arrived. She smiled as she recalled the past few hours spent with her lover. Pulling into the garage, Marlene parked her Mercedes, brushed her hair, put on fresh lipstick, and rushed into the house. She was relieved to be home before her husband and father-in-law had arrived, and she went into the kitchen, made a pot of coffee, sat down at the counter, and glanced through the morning paper.

Event That Changed My Life free essay sample

There are many things in this world that one can do to completely change their entire outlook on life. They could become a stronger follower of God, visit a Buddhist temple, lose a loved one, or donate to a shelter or store for the less fortunate. An event that definitely changed my life for the better was when I was at a battered women’s shelter when I was 9 years old and realized just how much of a blessing of a life I have. I was in the third grade the year we volunteered at the shelter. My mom Katherin had recently wed my step dad Wes. Also they had just had a little baby girl, my half sister Ella. This had been a busy year for my family because we were also new to the state of Georgia. We had just moved from Arkansas. My mom had been looking at places for the family to volunteer at for the holidays because we had never done anything like that before. We will write a custom essay sample on Event That Changed My Life or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page My mom had found a battered womens shelter in Atlanta and signed us up to serve Thanksgiving. We were all excited about doing thanksgiving in a new place. I was a little skeptical at first then my mom told me that there would be kids for me to play with there so I was a lot more excited. Once we got there on Thanksgiving Day It was great, the women and their children were so happy that we were there. At first I didn’t really understand why they were so happy, I mean for all I knew they did this every year, but now I have come to realize that for those women and children it was a huge deal because most people don’t do nice things for less fortunate people all the time. My mom had been right about all the kids that would be there. The kids were all really nice and fun! A lot of the kids clothes looked either to small or really dirty but I had expected it because my mom told me that these people didn’t have very much money to buy new clothes or toys. There was one little girl in particular that was the reason I had an epiphany at the age of nine. She was really little, about five or six. She and her mom were new to the shelter. The little girls name was Jaxy and her mom’s name was Samantha. Jaxy was so precious. She had the cutest short blonde hair. It was like little spiral strands of gold, and her eyes were the most gorgeous shade of green, kind of like a field of clover. She was quite pale and skinny ( I figured from not getting to eat very often). Jaxy had been playing with the other kids and I until dinner time and then she had to go to bed. While she was on her way to bed I heard her ask her mom where her dad was and her mom said he was just at work but then looked at the other moms and became really sad. I had asked my mom later why Ms. Samantha’s had looked so sad earlier when Jaxy asked about her dad. â€Å" Well, sweetie these kids and their mommies had to run away from the daddies because the daddies weren’t very nice so the mommies took their children and came here to a safe place for them to stay so that the dads don’t find them and hurt the mommies for running away,† my mom told me. â€Å" That’s so sad† I said I felt really sad for those kids and the situation they had been put in. It was at that moment that I had realized that I was very lucky to have a dad, well actually two dads, that loved me and cared for me and many people that loved me, and that I shouldn’t take my great family for granted. I wanted to know if there was anything we could do to help and my mom said that us coming today was something that was a very big help to these families. Ever since that experience with all those families that Thanksgiving I have come to realize that you never know when things could change in your life and you should never take any second for granted because you never know what’s right around the corner. I think it’s a lesson all people should learn because so many people just go through life not thinking anything bad could ever happen to them, and they don’t know that there are so many people out there struggling to just get by day by day and they don’t realize just how lucky they are.

Voluntary Active Euthanasia free essay sample

Voluntary Active Euthanasia This paper will discuss the benefits of Active Voluntary Euthanasia (VAE). Although it is sometimes referred to as mercy killings, it is one of the most controversial topics in our world today. Many believe the right to live is one of the most important human rights. The right to die should be equally as important. First, we must discuss the difference between active and passive euthanasia. Active is the process by which a person is given something, such as a prescribed medication, to end their life, while passive is allowing a person to die naturally, not being given anything to help sustain their life. Second, we must not confuse VAE with Physician Assisted Suicide (PAS), as the two are quite different. With VAE, it is the doctor who administers life ending medications, with the patient’s permission, while with PAS, the patient is the one who ultimately ends their own life. We will write a custom essay sample on Voluntary Active Euthanasia or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It can be argued that there is no moral difference between active and passive, since the consequences, intentions, and actions are primarily the same. If medical treatment is withheld, allowing them to die naturally, this will prolong their pain and suffering, as well as that of their loved ones left to bear witness. It will also lead to large medical bills, which the families will be left to deal with. In an era where the culture is to provide rescue medicine, it is hard to decide what to do when facing end of life decisions for your loved ones. According to the Hippocratic Oath, physicians must â€Å"use treatment to help the sick according to my ability and judgment, but will not use it to injure or wrong them† (Friend, 2011). While the actual Oath has been rewritten many times over the years, to reflect cultural changes, it has the same essence. But, who decides what is considered as injuring or wronging them? One person may consider aiding in the death of another to be wrong, but the person dying may not. U. S. District Judge Barbara Rothstein (1194) wrote, â€Å"There is no more profoundly personal decision, no one which is closer to the heart of personal liberty, than the choice which a terminally ill person makes to end his or her suffering†. Assisted suicide and euthanasia have been worldly controversial for centuries. However, the first organizations created to support the legalization of such were in 1935 and 1938, in Great Britain and the United States, respectively. Great strides have been made in the right direction though. Consider the case of Karen Ann Quinlan. In 1975, after mixing alcohol and drugs at a party, Karen become unconscious and slipped into a coma (Quinlan amp; Radimer, 2005). After months of watching their daughter suffer, being kept alive by machines, the family decided they knew their daughter would not want to live this way and requested she be taken off of the respirator. However, they quickly found out that their wish could not be carried out without a court order. They lost their first court battle in New Jersey Superior Court. They appealed this decision and ended up in New Jersey State Supreme Court, where by a unanimous decision, they won. Karen’s father, Joseph Quinlan, was names as Karen’s guardian, and was permitted to make all healthcare choices for her. Julia Quinlan, Karen’s mother, writes: The ruling gave patients and families the right to live each stage of life, including the last stage, with dignity and respect, and for medical institutions such as hospitals, hospices and nursing homes that would now be required to establish and maintain ethics committees. In addition, the Quinlan case led to the creation of the â€Å"living will,† sometimes called an â€Å"advanced directive,† which outlines the personal wishes of the individual in regard to â€Å"extraordinary means† to maintain life. (Quinlan 2005) In 1990, 40 states collectively passed laws allowing competent citizens the right to make living wills. These documents put the power back into the hands of the ill, by allowing their wishes and voices to be heard when they themselves are unable to speak. They instruct doctors to withhold life-supporting treatment and systems in the event a person becomes terminally ill. They can also instruct emergency doctors not to perform life resuscitating devices when a person has become injured or ill. It is the opinion of this writer and other proponents, like Compassion amp; Choices (http://www. compassionandchoices. org) that it become legal to include right to die choices like voluntary euthanasia. In ancient Rome and Greece, putting someone to death, or assisting in dying was acceptable in certain situations. For example, it was acceptable to put to death newborns with severe birth defects. It wasn’t until Christianity started developing in the West, that euthanasia was determined to be morally and ethically wrong. It was, and still is, seen as a â€Å"violation of God’s gift of life†. (Abdulkadir, Ansari, amp; Sambo, 2012, p 673). This is where the ethical debate inevitably ensues. Opponents mostly come from the medical profession as well as religious groups. They believe that medical providers should be more concerned with caring and healing then curing and the ultimate outcome. Legalizing active euthanasia could put too much power in the hands of the medical professionals, allowing the ill to be easily swayed and opening up the option for many lawsuits from surviving family members who do not agree with the practice. Proponents reason that keeping someone alive with medications and medical instruments, when they would otherwise die is not sustaining a true life. Also, they believe that this is not a question of if someone is to die, but how much they suffer in the interim. The main concern of health providers should be to ease or eliminate pain and suffering. If we can accept that passive euthanasia (rejecting the use of life sustaining treatment) is ethically and morally correct, than we should also accept active euthanasia as well. Utilitarianism says that actions should be judges as morally acceptable or unacceptable based on increases and decreases in total happiness and/or misery (total meaning everyone involved, not just one individual (Barcalow, 2007). Using this as a guide, it can be determined that VAE would essentially be reducing misery by allowing terminally ill, and sick to die nstead of suffering. Therefore, it would be morally acceptable. Let us look at VAE from a Subjectivism standpoint. Subjectivism claims that â€Å"whatever an individual believes to be right or wrong is right or wrong for that individual† (Barclow, 2007). Therefore, what may be morally correct for one person may not be for another. Under this principle, we should consider that if you believe VAE to be morally incorrect, that does not stand to rea son all of society believes this as well. Let’s look at euthanasia another way. Merriam-Webster (2012) defines euthanasia as: â€Å"the act or practice of killing or permitting the death of hopelessly sick or injured individuals (as persons or domestic animals) in a relatively painless way for reasons of mercy†. In most states, where VAE is not legal, doctors are permitted to withhold medical treatment from a dying person, if that is their wish. While this is not considered actively administering life ending medication, it can still be considered actively allowing the person to die, if the treatment they are withholding would keep the person alive, even if only temporarily. When defending the case for active euthanasia, often the subject of our pets inevitably comes up. It is common practice when our pets become ill or injured, to put them out of their misery, we have them, as we say, ‘put to sleep’, or ‘put down’. You never hear of someone keeping their pet alive on life sustaining machines and medications. When asked why they chose to put down their pet, almost everyone answers with they couldn’t bear to see the animal suffer. So then why do feel the need to keep our humans alive? Currently there are four states in the U. S. hat have legalized active euthanasia; Oregon in 1994 by the Oregon Death and Dignity Act, , Texas in 1999 by the Texas Futile Care Law, Washington in 2008 by the Washington Death and Dignity Act and Montana in 2008 through a trial court ruling, Baxter vs. Montana. It is also legal in several European and eastern countries, such as Belgium, Columbia, and the Netherlands. It is legal in certain situa tions in Switzerland. In conclusion, using the Utilitarian and Subjectivism Moral Principles, should consider voluntary active euthanasia morally acceptable. References Abdulkadir, A. B. , Ansari, A. H. , amp; Sambo, A. O. (2012). The right to die via euthanasia: an expository study of the shariah and laws in selected jurisdictions. Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences, 673+ Barcalow, E. (2007). Moral philosophy: Theories and issues. (4th Ed. ed. ). Belmont: The Thomson Corporation. Daniel, P. S. (2011). Speaking of the value of life. Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal,  21(2), 181-199,6. Euthanasia (a) in Merriam-webster online dictionary. (2012, March 09). Retrieved from http://www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/euthanasia Friend, Mary Louanne,M. N. , R. N. (2011). Physician-assisted suicide: Death with dignity? Journal of Nursing Law,  14(3), 110-116. Doi Rothstein, B. R. (1994). Assisted suicide: Helping terminally ill. Knight-Ridder Newspapers, 12(10), 615. Mary, L. F. (2011). Physician-assisted suicide: Death with dignity? Journal of Nursing Law,  14(3), 110-116. doi/913146489 Quinlan, J. , amp; Radimer, F. (2005). My joy, my sorrow. Cincinnati, OH: St. Anthony Messenger Press. Rachels, J. (1975) Active and passive euthanasia . The New England Journal of Medicine 292 78-80 Rachels, J. (2001) Killing and letting die. Encyclopedia of Ethics 2nd ed. 2 947-50 Steinbock, B. , amp; Norcross, A. (1994). Killing and letting die. Fordham Univ Pr.

Plowing Up New Soil With World Agriculture Essays - Agriculture

Plowing Up New Soil With World Agriculture Plowing Up New Soil with World Agriculture Since agriculture began to be developed nearly 10,000 years ago, people throughout the world have discovered the food value of wild plants and animals, and domesticated and bred them (Early Civilization). Today, people go to the market or grocery store to pick up cereal, rice, bread, meat, fruit, vegetables, and olives. People hardly ever think of where the food generally comes from. Most of the food that is found in the grocery store wouldn't be possible without world agriculture. Farming used to be primarily a family enterprise and to a large extent still is in most countries. In the more developed areas, however, more efficient large-scale operations are overtaking the smaller family farms. These large farms usually specialize in one crop or one type of crop and often are run by giant parent cooperation's. Such farms are part if the current trend toward more controlled and cost-effective agriculture. The goal in agriculture has almost always been increased production and decreased labor (Early Civilization). In the early 1900s the American farm, for example, was run by the muscles of people of draft animals. Today machines of great size and complexity accomplish in hours what took many of those people and animals days to complete (Timelines of the Ancient World). There are still family farmers similar to those of the earlier era in the most industrialized nations, but they are becoming fewer every year. There are also small-scale systems in many emerging nat ions of the world. But the trend almost everywhere is toward larger farms that are mechanized and utilize the latest scientific agricultural methods to provide products more effectively. In the mid-1990s, 48 percent of the world's labor force was employed in agriculture. The distribution ranged from 61 percent of the economically active population in Asia to less than 23 percent in the United States and Canada. In Africa the figure was 60 percent; in South America 20 percent; and in Europe, 9 percent. The farm size varies ubiquitously from region to region. In the 1990s the average for Canadian farms was about 654 acres per farm; for farms in the United States, 469 acres. By comparison, the average size of a single land holding in the Philippines was 6.5 acres. The size also depends on the purpose of the farm (Compton 95). Commercial farming, or production for cash, is usually on large equities. Single-crop plantations normally produce tea, rubber, and cocoa. Wheat farms are most competent when they comprise 1000s of acres and they can be managed by teams of people and machines. Livestock farms and Australian Sheep Stations must be immense enough to provide grazing f or thousands of animals. The agricultural plots of Chinese communes and the cooperative farms held by Peruvian communities and other necessarily large agricultural units, as well as were the farms that were operated and owned by state employees in the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). Much of the foreign exchange earned by a single country may be derived from a discrete agricultural commodity; for example, Denmark specializes in dairy products, Sri Lanka relies on tea, Australia in wool, and New Zealand and Argentina in meat products. In the United States, wheat, corn, and soybeans have become major foreign exchange commodities in recent decades. Each individual country has an importance as an exporter of agricultural products relying on many factors. Among them is the possibility that the country is too small developed industrially to produce manufactured goods in sufficient quality on technical sophistication. Some agricultural exporters include Ghana, with cocoa, and Myanmar (Burma), with rice. However, a well-developed country may produce surpluses that are not needed by its own population; for example the United States, Canada, and some Western European countries (Compton 95). Because each nation depends on agriculture not only for food but for national income and raw materials for industry as well, trade in agriculture is a continuing international concern. It is governed by international agreements such as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), and by trading regions such as the European Community. The Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) of the United Nations

Don Quixote A Parody

Don Quixote A Parody It is a masterpiece that is known all over the world. Since its first publication more than two hundred and seventy seven years ago it has remained one of the favorites of university students and those who appreciate a great piece of literature. It is a novel that is easy to remember and appreciate because the title itself, Don Quixote.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Don Quixote: A Parody specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The title is already an invitation to read. According to one commentator there is popular appeal and the novel strikes a chord among readers (Cascardi, 2002, p.127). There is a reason why Miguel de Cervantes Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra’s novel is well-known and greatly appreciated. This is because the novel is a good example of how an author used parody. What is a Parody? It is therefore important to first understand the meaning of parody. According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary a parody is â€Å"a literary or musical work in which the style of an author or work is closely imitated for comic effect† (Merriam-Webster, 2010, p.1). There are two things that need to be emphasized here in order to have a clear understanding of what a parody is. First of all there is a previous work that has been completed and used as a basis by the writer to create a parody. In other words there is an artistic work that was completed beforehand and that work will be parodied by the author. Secondly, it must be made clear that the author who is doing the parody is not simply copying or using another person’s work as a basis or inspiration of his work. To parody means to imitate or create something that ridicules the original. The purpose of course is for entertainment. A parody can be very effective depending on the ability of the writer and the subject matter used as a basis for writing the parody – the more popular and well-love the subject matter the better. Chiva lry and Romance In the case of Don Quixote it is a literary masterpiece and the popular body of work used as a basis for the parody are the numerous novels of chivalry that were famous three centuries ago. In a time when there was no television and radio, the stories about knights and their adventures are the most important form of entertainment available in post-medieval Europe (Paulson, 1998, p.3). There were knights in shining armor and there were beautiful women in trouble that requires to be rescued. The romance and adventure created a powerful mixture that resulted in a form of entertainment that serves as a distraction from a monotonous life before modern conveniences like cars, refrigerators, and microwave ovens became the norm. But after a while there are those who became tired of reading the same thing.Advertising Looking for essay on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There are those wh o desired for alternatives and there are those who cannot believe the simplicity and the exaggerated stories found in those novels. This is the reason why Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra parodied these chivalric novels, there was a significant response from the reading public (Paulson, 1998, p.4). It has to be understood that â€Å"parody in Don Quixote is not simply a technique but the backbone of all the adventures in the novel† (Cascardi, 2002, p.173). The author wanted everyone to see the truth behind the exaggerated tales of knights who are almost invincible and always gets to save the day no matter the odds that were stacked against them. The author was able to show this not by giving a serious lecture but by using parody and in effect using humor to show that something is going on for so long that people are used to it and no one dared question the effect or significance of these chivalric novels. The author therefore went on to create a character that is very much differ ent from the usual characterization of a strong and courageous knight. The byproduct is Don Quixote. The parody is seen in the fact that he was not a young man on the verge of discovering his identity and trying to prove to the world his courage and skill in battle. In stark contrast, Don Quixote is already fifty years old and the only reason that he was able to play the part of a knight is because he had time in his hands and he had access to a small amount of money that allowed him to own a bony old horse. He also was in possession of a few tools he mistaken as weapons that a real knight could use and he also had in his service a servant that he thought was a knight’s page. The parody starts at the very beginning of the novel because the author said that Don Quixote sold his property so that he can buy books about knights and their adventures. The reader is immediately made aware of the foolishness of his actions and that mirrors what happened to the people living in 17th c entury Europe. The parody gets to the next level when Don Quixote even in his old age and very limited means decided to not only read but to become a knight. He wanted to emulate what he has read in romances of chivalry. Thus, with an old armor and a bony old horse he went out to rescue damsels in distress and perform mighty deeds even if to the outside world he seemed ill-suited for the job and more so, he looked ridiculous (Paulson, 1998, p.1).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Don Quixote: A Parody specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is a masterpiece that both young and old can enjoy because they can relate to it. The teenager who happens to hold Don Quixote in his or her hands will immediately understand the parody. They will appreciate how Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra tried to make an indirect but effective criticism with regards to the excesses of the Spanish court and society’s obsession with knights in shining armor who seem perfect no matter from what angle they are viewed from. Those who are older can also appreciate this novel because of the sad and ridiculous behavior of an old man who had seen better days and desperately tried to recapture the glory of the old days. This means that a parody is not only meant to make people laugh and distract them from the monotony of daily existence. A parody is meant to point out a problem but done using humor instead of using a boring and ineffective lecture. Conclusion A parody is to use what is already popular and well-known and then to use it as a basis for writing something about an important topic. But it is common knowledge that people will not listen or take time to read a boring piece of literature. They would only read if they are not only informed but also entertained. This is the genius of Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra. He wanted to speak out against the 17th century’s obsession with romantic novels about knights and damsel s in distress. But instead of writing an article that no one would read, he decided to create Don Quixote and his message came across loud and clear. This is the power of parody. Cascardi, Anthony. The Cambridge Companion to Cervantes. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Merriam-Webster. Parody. Merriam-Webster Dictionary, 2010. Web. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/parody. Paulson, Ronald. Don Quixote in England: The Aesthetic of Laughter. MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998.Advertising Looking for essay on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More

Consumer Behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 5

Consumer Behaviour - Essay Example And some of these external factors include social influences such as lifestyles, households, sub-cultures, social class, and reference groups. While these influences are often remain undistinguished and mixed by laypeople, the distinction between each group is important in order to know up to what extent these groups influence an individual as regards her purchase decisions. One of these influences include sub-cultures. A culture usually pertains to a set of norms among a larger group, usually a country or a geographical region that has been shared and strengthened through traditions. It is the same for sub-cultures, a set of norms or a set of behaviours and beliefs that are acceptable within a given group, only that the group is a smaller one than a country or a geographical territory. Regions, organisations, clubs, and other smaller groups within the society have their own set of norms, their own cultures. These norms comprise what are called the sub-culture. A sub-culture is said to be more relevant to culture because these norms have more immediate effect to an individual. In terms of reference to an individuals identity, sub-cultures are also closer for them to associate their identity with. Therefore, a sub-culture, when an individual feels strongly being a member of a certain social group is a potent social influencer in terms of the individuals decision, including consumer purchase decisions. Another social influence is lifestyle. In contrast to sub-culture which is dependent on a larger groups norms and beliefs where the individual is a member of, lifestyle is the sum of the activities that define how an individual lives her life; a lifestyle is a certain way of living. Some examples of an active lifestyle include active lifestyles, where an individual pursues more engaging physical activities such as sport and other recreation, or passive lifestyle where activities include less physical activities such as music, etc. These lifestyles